Drug‐Induced Liver Injury with Commonly Used Antibiotics in the All of Us Research Program

Abstract

Antibiotics are a known cause of idiosyncratic drug‐induced liver injury (DILI). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the five most commonly prescribed antibiotics in the United States are azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, cephalexin, amoxicillin, and amoxicillin‐clavulanate. We quantified the frequency of acute DILI for these common antibiotics in the All of Us Research Program, one of the largest electronic health record (EHR)‐linked research cohorts in the United States. Retrospective analyses were conducted applying a standardized phenotyping algorithm to de‐identified clinical data available in the All of Us database for 318,598 study participants. Between February 1984 and December 2022, more than 30% of All of Us participants (n = 119,812 individuals) had been exposed to at least 1 of our 5 study drugs. Initial screening identified 591 potential case patients that met our preselected laboratory‐based phenotyping criteria. Because DILI is a diagnosis of exclusion, we then used phenome scanning to narrow the case counts by (i) scanning all EHRs to identify all alternative diagnostic explanations for the laboratory abnormalities, and (ii) leveraging International Classification of Disease 9th revision (ICD)‐9 and ICD 10th revision (ICD)‐10 codes as exclusion criteria to eliminate misclassification. Our final case counts were 30 DILI cases with amoxicillin‐clavulanate, 24 cases with azithromycin, 24 cases with ciprofloxacin, 22 cases with amoxicillin alone, and < 20 cases with cephalexin. These findings demonstrate that data from EHR‐linked research cohorts can be efficiently mined to identify DILI cases related to the use of common antibiotics.