Substrate DNA length regulates the activity of TET 5‐methylcytosine dioxygenases

Abstract

AbstractThe ten‐eleven translocation (TET) isoforms (TET1‐3) play critical roles in epigenetic transcription regulation. In addition, mutations in the TET2 gene are frequently detected in patients with glioma and myeloid malignancies. TET isoforms can oxidize 5‐methylcytosine to 5‐hydroxymethylcytosine, 5‐formylcytosine, and 5‐carboxylcytosine, by iterative oxidation. The in vivo DNA demethylation activity of TET isoforms may depend on many factors including enzyme's structural features, its interaction with DNA‐binding proteins, chromatin context, DNA sequence, DNA length, and configuration. The rationale for this study is to identify the preferred DNA length and configuration in the substrates of TET isoforms. We have used a highly sensitive LC‐MS/MS‐based method to compare the substrate preference of TET isoforms. To this end, four DNA substrate sets (S1, S2, S3, S4) of different sequences were chosen. In addition, in each set, four different lengths of DNA substrates comprising 7‐, 13‐, 19‐, and 25‐mer nucleotides were synthesized. Each DNA substrate was further used in three different configurations, that is, double stranded symmetrically‐methylated, double stranded hemi‐methylated, and single stranded single‐methylated to evaluate their effect on TET‐mediated 5mC oxidation. We demonstrate that mouse TET1 (mTET1) and human TET2 (hTET2) have highest preference for 13‐mer dsDNA substrates. Increasing or decreasing the length of dsDNA substrate reduces product formation. In contrast to their dsDNA counterparts, the length of ssDNA substrates did not have a predictable effect on 5mC oxidation. Finally, we show that substrate specificity of TET isoforms correlates with their DNA binding efficiency. Our results demonstrate that mTET1 and hTET2 prefer 13‐mer dsDNA as a substrate over ssDNA. These results may help elucidate novel properties of TET‐mediated 5mC oxidation and help develop novel diagnostic tools to detect TET2 function in patients.