Progression toward maximum leaf surface storage during the rainfall interception process

Abstract

AbstractDuring rainfall events, leaves in the canopy absorb kinetic energy from falling raindrops causing the leaves to vibrate after each individual drop impact. Additionally, intercepted water gradually increases on foliar surfaces adding greater mass exerted on each leaf. This accumulated mass of water increases the leaf inclination angle and may enable the drainage of water from the leaf surface as the water drop retention angle is surpassed. This study explored the dynamic process of leaf vibration and changes in steady‐state leaf inclination angles after raindrop impact for three species (Acer saccharinum, Quercus gambelii, and Ulmus pumila) and with four different drop sizes. An incremental increase in steady‐state leaf inclination angle was measured from processing single frames of videos as each additional raindrop impacted leaf surfaces. In general, larger drops increased leaf inclination angles to a larger degree than the smaller drops. As maximum leaf surface storage or the water drop retention angle was approached, water drained from leaf surface causing an abrupt rebound of the leaf inclination angle. The maximum changes in steady‐state leaf inclination angle before rebound (LIAmax) and the number of drops needed for leaf inclination angle rebound were significantly correlated with the initial leaf inclination angle (LIAi) for experiments with A. saccharinum and U. pumila, but not for the experiments with Q. gambelii. No significant correlations were found between LIAmax and any leaf trait (i.e., leaf area, leaf mass, petiole length, petiole diameter, leaf hydrophobicity, and water drop retention) for A. saccharinum and U. pumila; however, a significant negative correlation was found for Q. gambelii between maximum changes in leaf inclination angle and petiole diameter. Of the leaf characteristics examined, leaf surface storage is most influenced by LIAi before drop impact.