1. Russian uses the Cyrillic alphabet so transliteration to the Roman alphabet is necessary. In this paper I will adhere to the modified BPGN transliteration method used in my previous works e.g. ref. [3k]. Markovnikov's name has been transliterated phonetically as Markownikoff (German) Markovnikoff (French); recent English-language transliterations favor Markovnikov. In Markovnikov's papers in languages other than Russian the transliteration used in the original is preserved. In his early papers his name was spelled Morkownikoff (German) and Morkovnikov (Russian); the correction in spelling came slightly after 1870.
2.