Tibia‐first, gap‐balanced patient‐specific alignment restores bony phenotypes and joint line obliquity in a great majority of varus and straight knees and normalises valgus and severe varus deformities

Abstract

AbstractPurposeThe present study focuses on testing the capability of a restricted tibia‐first, gap‐balanced patient‐specific alignment technique (PSA) to restore bony morphology and phenotypes.MethodsThree‐hundred and sixty‐seven patients were treated with navigated total knee arthroplasty and tibia‐first gap‐balanced PSA technique. Boundaries for medial proximal tibial angle were 86°–92°, mechanical lateral distal femoral angle 86°–92°, and hip–knee–ankle angle 175°–183°. Knees were classified by coronal plane alignment of the knee (CPAK), with subsequent analyses comparing pre‐ and postoperative distributions. Phenotype classification within CPAK groups assessed pre‐ and postoperative distributions.ResultsPreoperatively, the largest CPAK group was type II (30.8%), followed by type I (20.5%) and type V (17.8%). Postoperatively, type II remained the largest group (39%), followed by type V (30%). All groups with varus/valgus deformities (I, III, IV and VI) became smaller. While in straight legs (II, IV), the CPAK was restored in more than 70%–75%, in varus groups (I, IV) in 40%–50% and in valgus (III and VI) in 5%–18%. The joint line obliquity remained the same in the majority of knees (straight >75%; varus 63%–80%; valgus VI 95%), with the exception of CPAK III (40%). The phenotype analysis showed for straight legs a phenotype restoration of 85%, for varus 94% and for valgus 37%. Joint line convergence angle was reduced significantly in all groups from 1.8°–4.3° preoperatively to 0.6°–1.2° postoperatively.ConclusionPSA restores bony phenotypes and joint line obliquity in the majority of straight and varus knees, while most of the valgus and extreme varus knees are normalised.Level of EvidenceLevel III, retrospective cohort study.