1. Assistant professor in the art of medicine at Central Michigan University College of Medicine and was a postdoctoral fellow at the Pragmatic Health Ethics Research Unit at the Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal when this work was conducted
2. Associate professor in the Department of Psychology at York University
3. Full research professor at the Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal and Université de Montréal as well as the director of Pragmatic Health Ethics