DNA i‐motif formation at physiological pH revealed by Raman spectroscopy

Abstract

AbstractThe intercalated motif (iM) is a four‐stranded structure consisting of two parallel homoduplexes formed by hemiprotonated C.C+ pairs and intercalated antiparallel to each other. iM is generally formed at acidic pH, as cytosine protonation is required for its formation. However, sequences with long cytosine tracts can form iM at physiological pH conditions. Here, we use both off‐resonant Raman and UV‐resonant Raman (using synchrotron radiation) spectroscopy (RS) to study the sequence (C9T3)3C9, which has been recently thoroughly analysed by other spectroscopic methods (CD, 1H NMR). In line with these methods, RS has shown that (C9T3)3C9 adopts iM at neutral pH and the iM forms with slow kinetics, melts in multiple steps and exhibits a large thermal hysteresis between the folding and refolding processes. The presence of isosbestic points in the temperature‐dependent Raman spectra (in line with the SVD analysis indicating just two independent spectral components) suggests that the (C9T3)3C9 is found as a mixture of disordered and ordered structures, the proportion of which is temperature dependent. The ordered iM species are believed to be composed of the same type of C.C+ pairs but differing in their number and arrangement along the cytosine tracts. The related sequence (C9A3)3C9 shows the same behaviour as (C9T3)3C9, indicating that the substitution of adenine bases for thymine bases has little effect.