Unprecedented genetic variability of PFam54 paralogs among Eurasian Lyme borreliosis‐causing spirochetes

Author:

Wülbern Janna1,Windorfer Laura23,Sato Kozue4,Nakao Minoru5,Hepner Sabrina6,Margos Gabriele6ORCID,Fingerle Volker6,Kawabata Hiroki4,Becker Noémie S.7,Kraiczy Peter8,Rollins Robert E.9ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Evolutionary Ecology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology Christian‐Albrechts‐Universität Zu Kiel Kiel Germany

2. Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department of Life Science Systems, School of Life Sciences Technical University of Munich Freising Germany

3. Disrupt.Design Lab, Faculty of Architecture and Town Planning, Segoe Building Technion – Israel Institute of Technology Technion City Israel

4. Department of Bacteriology I National Institute for Infectious Disease Tokyo Japan

5. Department of Parasitology Asahikawa Medical University Asahikawa Japan

6. German National Reference Center for Borrelia, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority Oberschleissheim Germany

7. Division of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology LMU Munich Planegg‐Martinsried Germany

8. Institute of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of Frankfurt Goethe University Frankfurt Frankfurt Germany

9. Institute of Avian Research “Vogelwarte Helgoland” Wilhelmshaven Germany

Abstract

AbstractLyme borreliosis (LB) is the most common vector‐borne disease in the Northern Hemisphere caused by spirochetes belonging to the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (Bbsl) complex. Borrelia spirochetes circulate in obligatory transmission cycles between tick vectors and different vertebrate hosts. To successfully complete this complex transmission cycle, Bbsl encodes for an arsenal of proteins including the PFam54 protein family with known, or proposed, influences to reservoir host and/or vector adaptation. Even so, only fragmentary information is available regarding the naturally occurring level of variation in the PFam54 gene array especially in relation to Eurasian‐distributed species. Utilizing whole genome data from isolates (n = 141) originated from three major LB‐causing Borrelia species across Eurasia (B. afzelii, B. bavariensis, and B. garinii), we aimed to characterize the diversity of the PFam54 gene array in these isolates to facilitate understanding the evolution of PFam54 paralogs on an intra‐ and interspecies level. We found an extraordinarily high level of variation in the PFam54 gene array with 39 PFam54 paralogs belonging to 23 orthologous groups including five novel paralogs. Even so, the gene array appears to have remained fairly stable over the evolutionary history of the studied Borrelia species. Interestingly, genes outside Clade IV, which contains genes encoding for proteins associated with Borrelia pathogenesis, more frequently displayed signatures of diversifying selection between clades that differ in hypothesized vector or host species. This could suggest that non‐Clade IV paralogs play a more important role in host and/or vector adaptation than previously expected, which would require future lab‐based studies to validate.

Funder

Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft

Robert Koch Institut

LOEWE-Zentrum für Translationale Medizin und Pharmakologie

Publisher

Wiley

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