Influences of standardized clinical probing on peri‐implant soft tissue seal in a situation of peri‐implant mucositis: A histomorphometric study in dogs

Abstract

AbstractBackgroundClinical probing is commonly recommended to evaluate peri‐implant conditions. In a situation of peri‐implant mucositis or peri‐implantitis, the peri‐implant seal healing from the disruption of soft tissue caused by probing has not yet been studied. This study aimed to investigate soft tissue healing after standardized clinical probing around osseointegrated implants with peri‐implant mucositis in a dog model.MethodsThree transmucosal implants in each hemi‐mandible of six dogs randomly assigned to the peri‐implant healthy group or peri‐implant mucositis group were probed randomly in the mesial or distal site as probing groups (PH or PM), the cross‐sectional opposite sites as unprobed control groups. Histomorphometric measurements of implant shoulder (IS)–most coronal level of alveolar bone contact to the implant surface (BCI), apical termination of the junctional epithelium (aJE)–BCI, mucosal margin (MM)–BCI, and MM–aJE were performed at 1 day, 1 week, and 2 weeks after probing. Apoptosis, proliferation, proinflammatory cytokines, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) of peri‐implant soft tissue were estimated by immunofluorescent analysis.ResultsIn the PM group, apical migration of junctional epithelium was revealed by significantly decreased aJE–BCI from 1 day to 2 weeks in comparison to unprobed sites (p < 0.05), while no significant differences were found in the PH group. Immunofluorescent analysis showed higher levels of interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), IL‐6, tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), MMP‐1, and MMP‐8, together with exaggerated apoptosis and proliferation of peri‐implant soft tissue in the PM group.ConclusionWithin the limitations, standardized clinical probing might lead to apical migration of the junctional epithelium in a situation of peri‐implant mucositis.