An Overview of Advancements and Technologies in Vascularization Strategies for Tumor‐On‐A‐Chip Models

Abstract

AbstractVascularized tumor on a chip (VToC) entail emulating intricate microvascular networks like those observed in tumors through microfluidic devices, which are meticulously designed to offer a faithful representation of cancer in vitro, exploration of tumor biology, evaluation of drug efficacy, and anticipation of patient responses to therapies. Compared to conventional ones, VToC systems hold advantages by creating a milieu where physiological conditions for investigating tumor–host interactions are pivotal in tumor advancement/therapy resilience. Nevertheless, VToC models confront limitations encompassing vascular network replication, biological fidelity, mechanical/chemical integrity, and intricacies of architectural design. Thus, drawbacks inherent to prevailing VToC models’ intricacies, attributes, and vascular network establishment are imperative. This systematic review focuses on the recent advancements, technologies explored for incorporating VToC models, and vascularization approaches for investigation, and factors/parameters affecting complex tumor microenvironments in VToC models, along with the futuristic approach for the design strategies, fabrication techniques, understanding of vascular network, also VToC models with spheroid. A comprehensive analysis of VToC based on their limitations for a practical approach highlights the promising strategies for possible applications. This will be essential regarding a complete overview of VToC models and the future direction toward developing efficient VToC models compared to the state‐of‐the‐art VToC.