Accelerating Diabetic Wound Healing by Modulating the Inflammatory Environment Using Quercetin–Rosemary Oil Lipid Nanoemulsions with Artificial Intelligence‐Based Wound Closure Analysis

Abstract

AbstractDiabetic wounds are a significant complication of diabetes that is characterized by delayed wound healing and a high risk of amputation. The overexpression of pro‐inflammatory macrophages (M1) and matrix metallo protease‐9 (MMP‐9) plays a crucial role in the extended inflammatory phase, which is characteristic of these wounds. This study develops multifunctional lipid nanoemulsions known as Quercetin and Rosemary Oil Lipid Nanoemulsions (Q‐RLNEs) that can effectively convert M1 to M2 macrophages, inhibit MMP‐9 and prevent microbial infections, thereby expediting the healing of diabetic wounds. Q‐RLNEs exhibit excellent biocompatibility, cellular uptake, ROS scavenging, macrophage polarization, MMP‐9 inhibition, and potent antimicrobial properties against Staphylococcus aureus in vitro. In vivo experiments further reveal Q‐RLNE's ability to accelerate complete wound healing in diabetic‐induced rats by reducing inflammation, promoting angiogenesis, and facilitating proper collagen deposition and dermal projection regeneration. This study introduces the application of the Segment Anything Model (SAM). SAM combines attention‐fusion and hybrid fusion strategies for accurate segmentation, enabling comprehensive analysis of wound attributes over time and guiding treatment decisions. The SAM analysis results also align with Q‐RLNE in vitro and in vivo. The findings of this study suggest that Q‐RLNE is a promising new therapeutic agent for accelerating diabetic wound healing.