Exploring Carbonization Temperature to Create Closed Pores for Hard Carbon as High‐Performance Sodium‐Ion Battery Anodes

Abstract

AbstractBiomass‐derived porous carbon materials are meaningful to employ as a hard carbon precursor for anode materials of sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) from a sustainability perspective. Here, a straightforward approach is proposed to develop rich closed pores in pinenut‐derived carbon, with the aim of improving Na+ plateau storage by adjusting the pyrolysis temperature. The optimized sample, namely the pinenut‐derived carbon at 1300 °C, demonstrates remarkable reversible specific capacity of 278 mAh g−1, along with a high initial Coulomb efficiency of 85% and robust cycling stability (with a capacity retention of 89% after 800 cycles at 0.2 A g−1). In situ and ex situ analyses unveil that the developed closed pores play a significant role in enhancing the plateau capacity, providing compelling evidence for the “adsorption‐filling” mechanism. Moreover, the corresponding full‐cell achieves a high energy density of 245.7 Wh kg−1 (based on the total weight of both electrode active materials) and exhibits outstanding rate capability (191.4 mAh g−1 at 3 A g−1).