Affiliation:
1. Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Massachusetts Amherst Amherst MA 01003 USA
2. Department of Chemical Engineering University of Massachusetts Amherst Amherst MA 01003 USA
3. Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology University of Massachusetts Amherst Amherst MA 01003 USA
4. Center for Bioactive Delivery Institute for Applied Life Sciences University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003 USA
Abstract
AbstractDiagnosis of inflammatory diseases is characterized by identifying symptoms, biomarkers, and imaging. However, conventional techniques lack the sensitivities and specificities to detect disease early. Here, it is demonstrated that the detection of macrophage phenotypes, from inflammatory M1 to alternatively activated M2 macrophages, corresponding to the disease state can be used to predict the prognosis of various diseases. Activatable nanoreporters that can longitudinally detect the presence of the enzyme Arginase 1, a hallmark of M2 macrophages, and nitric oxide, a hallmark of M1 macrophages are engineered, in real‐time. Specifically, an M2 nanoreporter enables the early imaging of the progression of breast cancer as predicted by selectively detecting M2 macrophages in tumors. The M1 nanoreporter enables real‐time imaging of the subcutaneous inflammatory response that rises from a local lipopolysccharide (LPS) administration. Finally, the M1‐M2 dual nanoreporter is evaluated in a muscle injury model, where an initial inflammatory response is monitored by imaging M1 macrophages at the site of inflammation, followed by a resolution phase monitored by the imaging of infiltrated M2 macrophages involved in matrix regeneration and wound healing. It is anticipated that this set of macrophage nanoreporters may be utilized for early diagnosis and longitudinal monitoring of inflammatory responses in various disease models.
Subject
Biomaterials,Biotechnology,General Materials Science,General Chemistry