New variants of COVID‐19 (XBB.1.5 and XBB.1.16, the “Arcturus”): A review of highly questioned concerns, a brief comparison between different peaks in the COVID‐19 pandemic, with a focused systematic review on expert recommendations for prevention, vaccination, and treatment measures in the general population and at‐risk groups

Author:

Pourriyahi Homa1ORCID,Hajizadeh Nima2ORCID,Khosravi Mina2ORCID,Pourriahi Homayoun1ORCID,Soleimani Sanaz13ORCID,Hosseini Nastaran Sadat4ORCID,Mohammad Arash Pour2ORCID,Goodarzi Azadeh5ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Student Research Committee, School of Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran

2. School of Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran

3. Rasool Akram Medical Complex Clinical Research Development Center (RCRDC), School of Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran

4. School of Medicine Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan Iran

5. Department of Dermatology, Rasool Akram Medical Complex Clinical Research Development Center (RCRDC), School of Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionThe COVID‐19 pandemic has taken many forms and continues to evolve, now around the Omicron wave, raising concerns over the globe. With COVID‐19 being declared no longer a “public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC),” the COVID pandemic is still far from over, as new Omicron subvariants of interest and concern have risen since January of 2023. Mainly with the XBB.1.5 and XBB.1.16 subvariants, the pandemic is still very much “alive” and “breathing.”MethodsThis review consists of five highly concerning questions about the current state of the COVID Omicron peak. We searched four main online databases to answer the first four questions. For the last one, we performed a systematic review of the literature, with keywords “Omicron,” “Guidelines,” and “Recommendations.”ResultsA total of 31 articles were included. The main symptoms of the current Omicron wave include a characteristically high fever, coughing, conjunctivitis (with itching eyes), sore throat, runny nose, congestion, fatigue, body ache, and headache. The median incubation period of the symptoms is shorter than the previous peaks. Vaccination against COVID can still be considered effective for the new subvariants.ConclusionGuidelines recommend continuation of personal protective measures, third and fourth dose boosters, along with administration of bivalent messenger RNA vaccine boosters. The consensus antiviral treatment is combination therapy using Nirmatrelvir and Ritonavir, and the consensus for pre‐exposure prophylaxis is Tixagevimab and Cilgavimab combination. We hope the present paper raises awareness for the continuing presence of COVID and ways to lower the risks, especially for at‐risk groups.

Publisher

Wiley

Reference117 articles.

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2. WHO. Statement on the update of WHO's working definitions and tracking system for SARS‐CoV‐2 variants of concern and variants of interest. Published March 16 2023. Accessed June 6 2023.http://www.who.int/news/item/16-03-2023-statement-on-the-update-of-who-s-working-definitions-and-tracking-system-for-sars-cov-2-variants-of-concern-and-variants-of-interest

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4. WHO. Enhancing response to Omicron SARS‐CoV‐2 variant. Published January 21 2022. Accessed June 6 2023.http://www.who.int/publications/m/item/enhancing-readiness-for-omicron-(b.1.1.529)-technical-brief-and-priority-actions-for-member-states

5. Global emerging Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2: Impacts, challenges and strategies

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