Targeting proliferating cell nuclear antigen enhances ionizing radiation‐induced cytotoxicity in prostate cancer cells

Abstract

AbstractBackgroundProliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is essential for DNA replication and repair, cell growth, and survival. PCNA also enhances androgen receptor (AR) signaling in prostate cancer (PC) cells. We identified a PCNA interaction protein (PIP) box at the N‐terminal domain of AR and developed a small peptide PCNA inhibitor R9‐AR‐PIP containing AR PIP‐box. We also identified a series of small molecule PCNA inhibitors (PCNA‐Is) that bind directly to PCNA and interrupt PCNA functions. The present study investigated the effects of the PCNA inhibitors on the sensitivity of PC cells to X‐ray radiation.MethodsThe effects of targeting PCNA on radio sensitivity of PC cells were investigated in four lines of castration‐resistant PC (CRPC) cells with different AR expression statuses. The cells were treated with the PCNA inhibitors and X‐ray radiation alone or in combination. The effects of the treatment on expression of AR target genes, DNA damage response, DNA damage, homologous recombination repair (HRR), and cytotoxicity were evaluated.ResultsWe found that the androgen response element (ARE) occupancy of the DNA damage response gene PARP1 by AR is significantly attenuated by PCNA‐I1S or R9‐AR‐PIP combined with X‐ray radiation, while X‐ray radiation alone does not enhance the ARE occupancy. PCNA‐I1S or R9‐AR‐PIP alone significantly inhibits occupancy of the AR‐occupied regions (AROR) in PRKDC and XRCC2 genes. R9‐AR‐PIP and PCNA‐I1S inhibit expression of AR‐Vs target gene cyclin A2 and show the additive effects with radiation in AR‐positive CRPC cells. Targeting PCNA by PCNA‐I1S and R9‐AR‐PIP downregulates expression of DNA damage response genes EXO1, Rad54L, Rad51, and/or PARP1 and shows the additive effects with radiation as compared with their respective controls in AR‐positive CRPC LNCaP‐AI, 22Rv1, and R1‐D567 cells, but not in AR‐negative PC‐3 cells. R9‐AR‐PIP and PCNA‐I1S elevate the levels of phospho‐DNA‐PKcs(S2056) and γH2AX, indicating DNA damage in response to radiation in AR‐positive cells. The HRR is significantly attenuated by PCNA inhibitors PCNA‐I1S, R9‐AR‐PIP, and T2AA in all four CRPC cells examined, and inhibited by Enzalutamide (Enz) only in 22RV1 cells. The cytotoxicity induced by X‐ray radiation in androgen‐dependent LNCaP cells is enhanced by Enz and a lower concentration of R9‐AR‐PIP in the colony formation assay. R9‐AR‐PIP at higher concentration reduces the colony formation and has an additive effect with X‐ray radiation in all AR expressing cells, regardless of AR‐FL and AR‐Vs, but does not significantly alter the colony formation in AR‐negative PC‐3 cells. PCNA‐I1S attenuates colony formation and has an additive effect with ionizing radiation in all four CRPC cells, regardless of AR expression status.ConclusionThese data provide a strong rationale for the therapy studies using PCNA‐I1S or R9‐AR‐PIP in combination with X‐ray radiation against CRPC tumors in preclinical models.