Comparing methanol and glycerol as carbon sources for mainstream partial denitrification/anammox in an IFAS process

Author:

Bachmann Megan12ORCID,Parsons Mike1,Klaus Stephanie1ORCID,Kurt Halil34,Chandran Kartik4ORCID,Stockard Daniel5,Wells George5,De Clippeleir Haydee6ORCID,Bott Charles1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Hampton Roads Sanitation District Virginia Beach Virginia USA

2. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg Virginia USA

3. Department of Medical Biology, Hamidiye International Faculty of Medicine University of Health Sciences İstanbul Turkey

4. Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering Columbia University New York New York USA

5. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Northwestern University Evanston Illinois USA

6. DC Water and Sewer Authority Washington District of Columbia USA

Abstract

AbstractThis study explored the implementation of mainstream partial denitrification with anammox (PdNA) in the second anoxic zone of a wastewater treatment process in an integrated fixed film activated sludge (IFAS) configuration. A pilot study was conducted to compare the use of methanol and glycerol as external carbon sources for an IFAS PdNA startup, with a goal to optimize nitrogen removal while minimizing carbon usage. The study also investigated the establishment of anammox bacteria on virgin carriers in IFAS reactors without the use of seeding, and it is the first IFAS PdNA startup to use methanol as an external carbon source. The establishment of anammox bacteria was confirmed in both reactors 102 days after startup. Although the glycerol‐fed reactor achieved a higher steady‐state maximum ammonia removal rate because of anammox bacteria (1.6 ± 0.3 g/m2/day) in comparison with the methanol‐fed reactor (1.2 ± 0.2 g/m2/day), both the glycerol‐ and methanol‐fed reactors achieved similar average in situ ammonia removal rates of 0.39 ± 0.2 g/m2/day and 0.40 ± 0.2 g/m2/day, respectively. Additionally, when the upstream ammonia versus NOx (AvN) control system maintained an ideal ratio of 0.40–0.50 g/g, the methanol‐fed reactor attained a lower average effluent TIN concentration (3.50 ± 1.2 mg/L) than the glycerol‐fed reactor (4.43 ± 1.6 mg/L), which was prone to elevated nitrite concentrations in the effluent. Overall, this research highlights the potential for PdNA in IFAS configurations as an efficient and cost‐saving method for wastewater treatment, with methanol as a viable carbon source for the establishment of anammox bacteria.Practitioner Points Methanol is an effective external carbon source for an anammox startup that avoids the need for costly alternative carbon sources. The methanol‐fed reactor demonstrated higher TIN removal compared with the glycerol‐fed reactor because of less overproduction of nitrite. Anammox bacteria was established in an IFAS reactor without seeding and used internally stored carbon to reduce external carbon addition. Controlling the influent ammonia versus NOx (AvN) ratio between 0.40 and 0.50 g/g allowed for low and stable TIN effluent conditions.

Funder

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Publisher

Wiley

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