1. Zur Theorie des Durchgangs schneller Korpuskularstrahlen durch Materie;Bethe;Ann. der Physik,1930
2. Secondary electrons: Average energy loss per ionization;Fano,1952
3. For indirect effects of radiation, 10,000 rads destroys most enzymological activity.4Assume a 50kDa enzyme at 20 mg/mL receiving a dose of 10,000 rads: [20 mg/mL]/[50kDa (1.66 × 10−24)] = 2.4 × 1017 protein molecules/mL; [980mg H2O/mL]/[18Da (1.66 × 10−24)] = 3.3 × 1022 H2O molecules/mL; [3.3 × 1022]/[2.4 × 1017] = 137,000 H2O molecules/protein molecule. For a radiation dose of 10,000 rads: [10,000 rads][(100 ergs/g)/rad][6.24 × 1011 eV/erg]/[60 eV/p.i.] = 1.04 × 1016 p.i./g, of which [20/1000][1.04 × 1016] = 2.1 × 1014 will be directly in protein molecules (∼0.1% of the protein molecules suffer a direct hit). But this dose effectively destroys all of the enzymatic activity. So 99.9% of the protein molecules must have been inactivated by the indirect effects.
4. Radiation‐induced inactivation of flavocytochrome b2 in dilute aqueous solution;Bhattacharya;Biochim Biophys Acta,1995
5. Molecular weights of human prothrombin and thrombin by electron irradiation;Aronson;Radiat Res,1962