Ascaridia galli infection in chicken: Pathobiology and immunological orchestra

Author:

Shohana Nusrat Nowrin1,Rony Sharmin Aqter1ORCID,Ali Md. Haydar12,Hossain Md. Shahadat1ORCID,Labony Sharmin Shahid1,Dey Anita Rani1,Farjana Thahsin1,Alam Mohammad Zahangir1,Alim Md. Abdul1,Anisuzzaman 1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Parasitology Bangladesh Agricultural University Mymensingh Bangladesh

2. Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University (HSTU) Dinajpur Bangladesh

Abstract

AbstractBackgroundAscaridia galli is the largest gut‐dwelling helminth of chickens, which confers adverse effects on meat and egg production; thus, on the animal protein supply and the economy. Both adult and immature parasites affect gut health, but larval stages play a major role in pathology.AimsHere, we present immunology and pathology of A. galli in chickens.Materials and MethodsLiteratures were surveyed through online platforms such as PubMed, Google Scholar and Researchgate.ResultsThe larvae cause excessive mucus production, damage to the intestinal gland, hemorrhage, anemia, diarrhea, and malnutrition. The adult worms can cause death by intestinal obstruction and intussusception. Although both cellular and humoral immunity are involved in fighting against ascariasis, the role of naturally acquired immunity is poorly defined. In cellular immunity, Th‐2 cytokines (IL‐4, IL‐5, IL‐9, and IL‐13), goblet cells (mucin), gut‐associated lymphoid tissues, CD8α+ intraepithelial cells, TCRγδ + T cells, and TGF‐β4 form a protective band. Type 2 immunity provides protection by forming a network of endogenous damage‐associated molecular patterns, chitin, and parasitic antigens. Among antibodies, IgY is the most prominent in chickens and provides temporary humoral protection. During parasitic infection, infiltration of various immune cells is evident, especially in the intestinal epithelium, lamina propria, and crypts of the duodenum and jejunum. In chickens older than 12 weeks, gradual reduction of worm burden is more successful than the younger birds. Female chickens exert a short‐lived but higher level of protection by passing IgY to chicks in the form of egg yolk antibodies. In laying conditions, immunity differs between breeds. This review provides an overview of the silent but inevitable pathological changes induced by A. galli and the interaction of host immunity with the parasite.

Publisher

Wiley

Subject

Immunology,Immunology and Allergy

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