Affiliation:
1. Department of Healthcare Biotechnology Atta‐ur‐Rahman School of Applied Biosciences National University of Sciences and Technology Islamabad Pakistan
2. Pure Health Laboratory, Mafraq Hospital Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
3. Weill Cornell Medicine‐Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation Doha Qatar
4. Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Trials360 Lahore Pakistan
5. Pharmacognosy Research & Herbal Analysis Services UK, Central Avenue, Chatham‐Maritime Kent UK
6. Department of Biomedical Sciences College of Medicine, Korea University Seoul Republic of Korea
Abstract
AbstractMansonone G (MG), a 1,2‐naphthoquinones with antiestrogenic, antimicrobial, and anti‐adipogenic activities, is derived from the heartwood of Mansonia gagei Drumm. Ethoxy mansonone G (EMG), an essential derivative of MG, has anticancer and antioxidant agent. EMG also has antiestrogen activity and is demonstrated to lower estrogen receptor expression in endocrine‐resistant cells. EMG significantly inhibits cell division, invasion, and anchorage‐dependent growth in all cancer types. Through the stimulation of the tumor protein (p53) and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) signaling cascades, it also causes apoptosis. Moreover, it manifests its anti‐cancerous effects in toll‐like receptor pathways, c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (c‐JNK), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB). EMG inhibits the phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK3), Erk, protein kinase B (Akt), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). By interfering with molecular cascades, EMG significantly reduces the metabolism of cancer cells. This paper focuses on the potential use of EMG in cancer treatment. Moreover, it states the methodology by which specific assays establish the anti‐cancerous role of EMG. Breast cancer, non‐small cell lung cancer, and colorectal cancer are only a few of the cancers for which EMG was shown to be effective. Through further research, EMG may be developed as a therapeutic solution to complications caused by cancer. This study presents EMG as a novel candidate for cancer therapy, offering a unique combination of pharmacological advantages and mechanistic insights that warrant further exploration and development toward addressing the complexities of cancer treatment.