Distribution, tolerance, growth, behaviour and control methods of Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1857) (Bivalvia: Mytilidae): A review

Abstract

Abstract Limnoperna fortunei (L. fortunei) (Dunker, 1857), the golden mussel, is an invasive species possessing exceptional environmental adaptability and a destructive impact on water systems and artificial structures. To better conservation of freshwater ecosystems by controlling this mussel, it is essential to study its distribution, potential for invasion, environmental tolerance and biological traits. This paper outlines the distribution of L. fortunei in Asia and South America, as well as its potential for future invasion in freshwater habitats, along with the research methods employed. We find that the mussel had a temperature tolerance range of 8–35 °C and a pH range was 5–10, with some individuals surviving in extreme conditions for extended periods. We find that temperature was a decisive factor for success at reproductive stages, larval development and adult growth. The biological traits of L. fortunei are discussed, focusing on feeding habits, attachment characteristics and locomotion, with an emphasis on byssus structure, foot proteins and adhesion mechanisms. The study elucidates the impact of flow velocity, light exposure and substrate material on their attachment, with the optimal attachment being identified at a flow velocity of 0.3–0.9 m/s. Additionally, the mussel exhibits strong light avoidance performances and a preference for rough surfaces. Extensively‐researched control strategies are classified and summarized, primarily categorized into physical, chemical and biological control, with an outline of their respective strengths and limitations.