1. Department of Health Management and Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo Japan
2. Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
3. Department of Health Policy and Informatics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Japan
4. Department of Health Economics and Epidemiology Research, School of Public Health, University of Tokyo, Tokyo Japan
5. Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, and Division of General Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA