Identification of the regional lymphatic system of the gallbladder by vital staining

Abstract

Abstract In 21 patients with biliary tract cancer dye was injected into the lymphatic system of the gallbladder to determine the extent of its regional lymph nodes. A volume of 0.1–0.3 ml 1 per cent indigo carmine solution was injected directly into lymphatic vessels of the gallbladder in eight patients and into lymph nodes (cystic node or pericholedochal nodes) in 13 patients during radical surgery for biliary tract cancer. The lymphatic system was visualized in a total of 14 patients. The dye descended around the bile duct, flowed into the cystic node, the pericholedochal nodes and the lymph nodes posterior to the head and neck of the pancreas, and finally reached the interaortocaval nodes adjacent to the left renal vein. The stained lymphatic tissue was regarded as the regional lymphatic system of the gallbladder. These nodes should be completely resected during radical surgery for gallbladder cancer.