A Direct Real‐Time Observation of Anion Intercalation in Graphite Process and Its Fully Reversibility by SAXS/WAXS Techniques

Author:

Greco Giorgia12ORCID,Elia Giuseppe Antonio3ORCID,Hermida‐Merino Daniel4ORCID,Hahn Robert35ORCID,Raoux Simone1

Affiliation:

1. Helmholtz–Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH Hahn–Meitner–Platz 1 D–14109 Berlin Germany

2. Chemistry Department Sapienza University of Rome P.le Aldo Moro 5 Roma 00185 Italy

3. Technical University of Berlin Research Center of Microperipheric Technologies Gustav–Meyer–Allee 25 D–13355 Berlin Germany

4. DUBBLE‐Dutch Belgian Beamline (BM26) ESRF, 6 Rue Jules Horowitz BP 220, 38043 Grenoble CEDEX 9 France

5. Fraunhofer IZM Institut für Zuverlässigkeit und Mikrointegration Gustav–Meyer–Allee 25 D–13355 Berlin Germany

Abstract

AbstractThe process of anion intercalation in graphite and its reversibility plays a crucial role in the next generation energy‐storage devices. Herein the reaction mechanism of the aluminum graphite dual ion cell by operando X‐ray scattering from small angles to wide angles is investigated. The staging behavior of the graphite intercalation compound (GIC) formation, its phase transitions, and its reversible process are observed for the first time by directly measuring the repeated intercalation distance, along with the microporosity of the cathode graphite. The investigation demonstrates complete reversibility of the electrochemical intercalation process, alongside nano‐ and micro‐structural reorganization of natural graphite induced by intercalation. This work represents a new insight into thermodynamic aspects taking place during intermediate phase transitions in the GIC formation.

Funder

European Commission

Publisher

Wiley

Subject

General Materials Science,General Chemistry

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