Development of Greener and Stable Inkjet‐Printable Perovskite Precursor Inks for All‐Printed Annealing‐Free Perovskite Solar Mini‐Modules Manufacturing

Abstract

AbstractInkjet‐printing is considered an emerging manufacturing process for developing perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with low material wastes and high production throughput. Up‐to‐now, all case studies on inkjet‐printed PSCs are based on the exploitation of toxic solvents and/or high‐molarity perovskite precursor inks that are known to enable the development of high‐efficiency photovoltaics (PVs). The present study provides a new insight for developing lower‐toxicity, high performance and stable (for more than 2 months) inkjet‐printable perovskite precursor inks for fully ambient air processed PSCs. Using an ink composed of a green low vapor pressure noncoordinating solvent and only 0.8 m of perovskite precursors, the feasibility of fabricating high‐quality and with minimum coffee‐ring defects, annealing‐free perovskite absorbent layers under ambient atmosphere is demonstrated. Noteworthily, the PSCs fabricated using the industry‐compatible carbon‐based hole transport material free architecture and the proposed ink present an efficiency >13% that is considered on the performance records for the under‐consideration PV architecture employing an inkjet‐printed active layer. Outstanding is also found the stability of the devices under the conditions determined by the ISOS‐D‐1 protocol (T95 = 1000 h). Finally, the perspective of upscaling PSCs to the mini‐module level (100 cm2 aperture area) is demonstrated, with the upscaling losses to be as low as 8.3%rel dec−1 per upscaled active area.