1. Louis Calder Center, Biological Field Station; Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Urban Ecology; Fordham University; P.O. Box 887 Armonk New York 10504 USA
2. Wildlife Conservation Society; 2300 Southern Boulevard Bronx New York 10460 USA
3. Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology; Columbia University; New York New York 10027 USA
4. Department of Urban Studies and Planning; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge Massachusetts 02139 USA
5. PSEG Institute for Sustainability Studies, Montclair State University; 1 Normal Avenue Montclair New Jersey 07043 USA