Carbazole‐Based Anion Ionic Water‐Soluble Two‐Photon Initiator for Achieving 3D Hydrogel Structures

Abstract

Abstract3D hydrogel structures fabricated by two‐photon polymerization (TPP) have become attractive in biomedical fields. Generally, conventional organic solvents are toxic and the residues left in the fabricated 3D structures are harmful to cells. Hence, anion ionic carbazole‐based water‐soluble two‐photon initiator (TPI) 3,6‐bis[2‐(1‐methylpyridinium)vinyl]‐9‐methylcarbazole ditosylate (BT) is proposed to construct arbitrary 3D hydrogel structures. Cucurbit[7]uril (CB7) and BT form a host‐guest complex (CB7/BT) with a binding ratio of 1:1, which further improves the water solubility, biocompatibility and nonlinear absorption property of TPI. A water‐soluble photoresist consisting of photoinitiator CB7/BT and monomer poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate is prepared to explore the TPP fabrication capacity. The electron paramagnetic resonance measurement shows that CB7/BT initiates photopolymerization by alkyl radicals. The laser threshold power of the photoresist is 6.3 mW and the feature size is 127 nm in TPP at 780 nm. The initiator with p‐toluenesulfonate anion exhibits higher binding energy, larger two‐photon absorption cross‐section and two‐photon fabrication resolution compared with the previous work using iodide as an anion, indicating a promising way to improve the fabrication capacity of water‐soluble TPI through changing the anion ionic group. The proposed strategy will provide high potential for the further application in the biomedical field.