Living Cell‐Derived Intelligent Nanobots for Precision Oncotherapy

Abstract

AbstractThe progress of precision oncology medicine is always limited by the tumor off‐targeting, the drug side effects, and the treatment inefficiency due to the complex and ever‐changing tumor microenvironment. Living cells, such as blood cells and immune cells, exhibit natural tumor tropism, controllable physicochemical modification, and excellent biocompatibility, which provide an advantageous pathway for innovative and efficient tumor suppression. Armed with nanoengineering techniques, artificial living cells harness their inherent biological properties to precisely identify and eradicate tumors, demonstrating broad biological application prospects and great transformational potential in personalized cancer therapy. Here, the recent advances of living cell‐based bionanobots including platelets, red blood cells, neutrophil, macrophage, and CAR‐T cells for cancer precision therapy and immune regulation are summarized, and the efficient anti‐tumor strategies for engineering living cell nanorobots to overcome complex biological barriers and immune suppression are also outlined (e.g., immunotherapy, sonodynamic therapy, chemo/radiotherapy, and phototherapy). In addition, the study discusses the advantages, limitations, and current challenges of artificial living cell‐based drug delivery systems, and provide perspectives on the future development of living cell‐mediated precision tumor nanomedicine.