Unveiling the Electro‐Chemo‐Mechanical Failure Mechanism of Sodium Metal Anodes in Sodium–Oxygen Batteries by Synchrotron X‐Ray Computed Tomography

Author:

Zhang Xia123,Zhang Shenghang123,Lu Jie123,Tang Fengcheng123,Dong Kang4,Yu Zhenjiang5,Hilger André4,Osenberg Markus4,Markötter Henning6,Wilde Fabian7,Zhang Shu123,Zhao Jingwen123,Xu Gaojie123,Manke Ingo4,Sun Fu123,Cui Guanglei123ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Qingdao Shandong 266101 China

2. Shandong Energy Institute Qingdao 266101 China

3. Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory Qingdao 266101 China

4. Helmholtz‐Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie Hahn‐Meitner‐Platz 1 14109 Berlin Germany

5. Department of Chemistry Lancaster University Lancaster LA1 4YB UK

6. Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und ‐prüfung Unter den Eichen 87 12205 Berlin Germany

7. Institute of Materials Physics Helmholtz‐Zentrum Hereon Max‐Planck‐Straße 1 21502 Geesthacht Germany

Abstract

AbstractRechargeable sodium–oxygen batteries (NaOBs) are receiving extensive research interests because of their advantages such as ultrahigh energy density and cost efficiency. However, the severe failure of Na metal anodes has impeded the commercial development of NaOBs. Herein, combining in situ synchrotron X‐ray computed tomography (SXCT) and other complementary characterizations, a novel electro‐chemo‐mechanical failure mechanism of sodium metal anode in NaOBs is elucidated. It is visually showcased that the Na metal anodes involve a three‐stage decay evolution of a porous Na reactive interphase layer (NRIL): from the initially dot‐shaped voids evolved into the spindle‐shaped voids and the eventually‐developed ruptured cracks. The initiation of this three‐stage evolution begins with chemical‐resting and is exacerbated by further electrochemical cycling. From corrosion science and fracture mechanics, theoretical simulations suggest that the evolution of porous NRIL is driven by the concentrated stress at crack tips. The findings illustrate the importance of preventing electro‐chemo‐mechanical degradation of Na anodes in practically rechargeable NaOBs.

Funder

National Natural Science Foundation of China

Taishan Scholar Foundation of Shandong Province

Publisher

Wiley

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