Human–Material Interaction Enabled by Fused Filament Fabrication 4D Printing

Abstract

In this review, 4D printing (4DP) is delved into through fused filament fabrication (FFF) and its implications for human–material interaction (HMI). FFF 4DP's emergence in HMI represents a nascent and evolving concept worthy of deeper exploration. In this article, FFF 4DP's fundamental principles, methodologies, materials, and associated benefits and challenges are introduced. Herein, the primary focus is the intersection between FFF 4DP and HMI, investigating the potential of employing FFF 4D‐printed objects as interactive interfaces. Various HMI scenarios are examined, including applications in soft actuators, smart toys, household devices, smart consumer products, 4D textiles, and customizable wood‐based items. Moreover, in this article, the current state of the art and development in the field are discussed, highlighting notable projects that integrate FFF 4DP into HMI to advance environmental sustainability. Also, key challenges/limitations requiring attention for the widespread adoption of 4DP in HMI applications are identified. In this work, an in‐depth analysis of FFF 4DP within the HMI context is offered, underscoring its potential to transform human interactions with machines and smart devices. Innovative features for dynamic and adaptable interfaces are introduced, promising to revolutionize user experiences. The article serves as a valuable resource for researchers, practitioners, and designers interested in exploring the exciting possibilities of FFF 4DP in the realm of HMI.