Toward structure and metabolism of glycogen C1‐C6 in humans at 7 T by localized 13C MRS using low‐power bilevel broadband 1H decoupling

Abstract

AbstractThis work aims to develop and implement a pulse‐acquire sequence for three‐dimensional (3D) single‐voxel localized 13C MRS in humans at 7 T, in conjunction with bilevel broadband 1H decoupling, and to test its feasibility in vitro and in vivo in human calf muscle with emphasis on the detection of glycogen C1‐C6. A localization scheme suitable for measuring fast‐relaxing 13C signals in humans at 7 T was developed and implemented using the outer volume suppression (OVS) and one‐dimensional image selected in vivo spectroscopy (ISIS‐1D) schemes, similar to that which was previously reported in humans at 4 T. The 3D 13C localization scheme was followed by uniform 13C adiabatic excitation, all complemented with an option for bilevel broadband 1H decoupling to improve both 13C sensitivity and spectral resolution at 7 T. The performance of the pulse‐acquire sequence was investigated in vitro on phantoms and in vivo in the human calf muscle of three healthy volunteers, while measuring glycogen C1‐C6. In addition, T1 and T2 of glycogen C1‐C6 were measured in vitro at 7 T, as well as T1 of glycogen C1 in vivo. The glycerol C2 and C1,3 lipid resonances were efficiently suppressed in vitro at 7 T using the OVS and ISIS‐1D schemes, allowing distinct detection of glycogen C2‐C6. While some glycerol remained in calf muscle in vivo, the intense lipid at 130 ppm was efficiently suppressed. The 13C sensitivity and spectral resolution of glycogen C1‐C6 in vitro and glycogen C1 in vivo were improved at 7 T using bilevel broadband 1H decoupling. The T1 and T2 of glycogen C1‐C6 in vitro at 7 T were consistent compared with those at 8.5 T, while the T1 of glycogen C1 in vivo at 7 T resulted similar to that in vitro. Localized 13C MRS is feasible in human calf muscle in vivo at 7 T, and this will allow further extension of this method for 13C MRS measurements such as in the brain.