Ecotoxicity of Lead to a Phytoplankton Community: Effects of pH and Phosphorus Addition and Implications for Risk Assessment

Abstract

AbstractEcological risk assessment and water quality criteria for lead (Pb) are increasingly making use of bioavailability‐based approaches to account for the impact of toxicity‐modifying factors, such as pH and dissolved organic carbon. For phytoplankton, which are among the most Pb‐sensitive freshwater species, a Pb bioavailability model has previously been developed based on standard single‐species exposures at a high phosphorus (P) concentration and pH range of 6.0 to 8.0. It is well known that P can affect metal toxicity to phytoplankton and that the pH of many surface waters can be above 8.0. We aimed to test whether the single‐species bioavailability model for Pb could predict the influence of pH on Pb toxicity to a phytoplankton community at both low and high P supply. A 10‐species phytoplankton community was exposed to Pb for 28 days at two different pH levels (7.2 and 8.4) and two different P supply levels (low and high, i.e., total P input 10 and 100 µg/L, respectively) in a full factorial 2 × 2 test design. We found that the effects of total Pb on three community‐level endpoints (biodiversity, community functioning, and community structure) were highly dependent on both pH and P supply. Consistent lowest‐observed‐effect concentrations (LOECs) ranged between 21 and >196 µg total Pb/L and between 10 and >69 µg filtered Pb/L. Long‐term LOECs were generally higher, that is, 69 µg total Pb/L (42 µg filtered Pb/L) or greater, across all endpoints and conditions, indicating recovery near the end of the exposure period, and suggesting the occurrence of acclimation to Pb and/or functional redundancy. The highest toxicity of Pb for all endpoints was observed in the pH 7.2 × low P treatment, whereas the pH 8.4 × low P and pH 8.4 × high P treatment were the least sensitive treatments. At the pH 7.2 × high P treatment, the algal community showed an intermediate Pb sensitivity. The effect of pH on the toxicity of filtered Pb could not be precisely quantified because for many endpoints no effect was observed at the highest Pb concentration tested. However, the long‐term LOECs (filtered Pb) at low P supply suggest a decrease in Pb toxicity of at least 1.6‐fold from pH 7.2 to 8.4, whereas the single‐species algal bioavailability model predicted a 2.5‐fold increase. This finding suggests that bioavailability effects of pH on Pb toxicity cannot be extrapolated as such from the single species to the community level. Overall, our data indicate that, although the single‐species algal Pb bioavailability model may not capture pH effects on Pb ecotoxicity in multispecies systems, the bioavailability‐based hazardous concentration for 5% of the species was protective of long‐term Pb effects on the structure, function, and diversity of a phytoplankton community in a relevant range of pH and P conditions. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:2684–2700. © 2023 SETAC