Affiliation:
1. Department of Cardiology West Virginia University Morgantown West Virginia USA
2. Department of Medicine Louisiana State University Shreveport Louisiana USA
3. Department of Medicine Weiss Memorial Hospital Chicago Illinois USA
4. Department of Cardiology Carle Foundation Hospital Urbana Illinois USA
5. Department of Internal Medicine Landmark Medical Center Woonsocket Rhode Island USA
6. Department of Medicine Shandong Second Medical University Weifang Shandong China
7. Department of Cardiology Hartford Hospital Hartford Connecticut USA
8. Keele Cardiovascular Research Group Keele University Stoke‐on‐Trent UK
9. Department of Paediatric Cardiology West Virginia University Morgantown West Virginia USA
Abstract
ABSTRACTBackgroundInfant mortality continues to be a significant problem for patients with congenital heart disease (CHD). Limited data exist on the recent trends of mortality in infants with CHD.MethodsThe CDC WONDER (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wide‐Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research) was queried to identify deaths occurring within the United States with CHD listed as one of the causes of death between 1999 and 2020. Subsequently, trends were calculated using the Joinpoint regression program (version 4.9.1.0; National Cancer Institute).ResultsA total of 47,015 deaths occurred in infants due to CHD at the national level from the year 1999 to 2020. The overall proportional infant mortality (compared to all deaths) declined (47.3% to 37.1%, average annual percent change [AAPC]: −1.1 [95% CI −1.6 to −0.6, p < 0.001]). There was a significant decline in proportional mortality in both Black (45.3% to 34.3%, AAPC: −0.5 [−0.8 to −0.2, p = 0.002]) and White patients (55.6% to 48.6%, AAPC: −1.2 [−1.7 to −0.7, p = 0.001]), with a steeper decline among White than Black patients. A statistically significant decline in the proportional infant mortality in both non‐Hispanic (43.3% to 33.0%, AAPC: −1.3% [95% CI −1.9 to −0.7, p < 0.001]) and Hispanic (67.6% to 57.7%, AAPC: −0.7 [95% CI −0.9 to −0.4, p < 0.001]) patients was observed, with a steeper decline among non‐Hispanic infant population. The proportional infant mortality decreased in males (47.5% to 53.1%, AAPC: −1.4% [−1.9 to −0.9, p < 0.001]) and females (47.1% to 39.6%, AAPC: −0.9 [−1.9 to 0.0, p = 0.05]). A steady decline in for both females and males was noted.ConclusionOur study showed a significant decrease in CHD‐related mortality rate in infants and age‐adjusted mortality rate (AAMR) between 1999 and 2020. However, sex‐based, racial/ethnic disparities were noted, with female, Black, and Hispanic patients showing a lesser decline than male, White, and non‐Hispanic patients.
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