Affiliation:
1. Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management North‐West University Potchefstroom South Africa
2. Gastrointestinal Research Unit Department of Surgery School of Clinical Medicine University of the Free State Bloemfontein South Africa
3. Department of Animal Health, School of Agriculture North‐West University Mmabatho South Africa
4. Department of Life Sciences Centre for Applied Food Safety and Biotechnology Central University of Technology Bloemfontein South Africa
5. Department of Disease Control School of Veterinary Medicine University of Zambia Lusaka Zambia
Abstract
AbstractBackgroundProteus mirabilis has been identified as an important zoonotic pathogen, causing several illnesses such as diarrhoea, keratitis and urinary tract infections.ObjectiveThis study assessed the prevalence of P. mirabilis in broiler chickens, its antibiotic resistance (AR) patterns, ESBL‐producing P. mirabilis and the presence of virulence genes.MethodsA total of 26 isolates were confirmed as P. mirabilis from 480 pooled broiler chicken faecal samples by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The disk diffusion method was used to evaluate the antibacterial susceptibility test, while nine virulence genes and 26 AR genes were also screened by PCR.ResultsAll 26 P. mirabilis isolates harboured the ireA (siderophore receptors), ptA, and zapA (proteases), ucaA, pmfA, atfA, and mrpA (fimbriae), hlyA and hpmA (haemolysins) virulence genes. The P. mirabilis isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin (62%) and levofloxacin (54%), while 8 (30.7%) of the isolates were classified as multidrug resistant (MDR). PCR analysis identified the blaCTX‐M gene (62%), blaTEM (58%) and blaCTX‐M‐2 (38%). Further screening for AMR genes identified mcr‐1, cat1, cat2, qnrA, qnrD and mecA, 12%, 19%, 12%, 54%, 27% and 8%, respectively for P. mirabilis isolates. The prevalence of the integron integrase intI1 and intI2 genes was 43% and 4%, respectively.ConclusionsThe rise of ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin resistance, as well as MDR strains, is a public health threat that points to a challenge in the treatment of infections caused by these zoonotic bacteria. Furthermore, because ESBL‐producing P. mirabilis has the potential to spread to humans, the presence of blaCTX‐M‐producing P. mirabilis in broilers should be kept under control. This is the first study undertaken to isolate P. mirabilis from chicken faecal samples and investigate its antibiotic resistance status as well as virulence profiles in South Africa.