Indole clubbed 2,4‐thiazolidinedione linked 1,2,3‐triazole as a potent antimalarial and antibacterial agent against drug‐resistant strain and molecular modeling studies

Author:

Upadhyay Dipti B.1,Mokariya Jaydeep A.1ORCID,Patel Paras J.1,Patel Subham G.1,Das Anwesha2,Nandi Arijit3ORCID,Nogales Joaquina4,More Nachiket5,Kumar Amit5,Rajani Dhanji P.6,Narayan Mahesh7,Kumar Jyotish7,Banerjee Sourav4ORCID,Sahoo Suban K.8,Patel Hitendra M.1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Chemistry Sardar Patel University Vallabh Vidyanagar Gujarat India

2. Department of Medicinal Chemistry National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Ahmedabad Gujarat India

3. Department of Medicinal Chemistry National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad Telangana India

4. Department of Cellular and Systems Medicine University of Dundee Dundee UK

5. School of Chemistry University of St. Andrews St. Andrews UK

6. Microcare Laboratory and Tuberculosis Diagnosis & Research Center Surat Gujarat India

7. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry The University of Texas at El Paso El Paso Texas USA

8. Department of Chemistry SV National Institute of Technology Surat Gujarat India

Abstract

AbstractIn the face of escalating challenges of microbial resistance strains, this study describes the design and synthesis of 5‐({1‐[(1H‐1,2,3‐triazol‐4‐yl)methyl]‐1H‐indol‐3‐yl}methylene)thiazolidine‐2,4‐dione derivatives, which have demonstrated significant antimicrobial properties. Compared with the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) values of ciprofloxacin on the respective strains, compounds 5a, 5d, 5g, 5l, and 5m exhibited potent antibacterial activity with MIC values ranging from 16 to 25 µM. Almost all the synthesized compounds showed lower MIC compared to standards against vancomycin‐resistant enterococcus and methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. Additionally, the majority of the synthesized compounds demonstrated remarkable antifungal activity, against Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger, as compared to nystatin, griseofulvin, and fluconazole. Furthermore, the majority of compounds exhibited notable inhibitory effects against the Plasmodium falciparum strain, having IC50 values ranging from 1.31 to 2.79 μM as compared to standard quinine (2.71 μM). Cytotoxicity evaluation of compounds 5a–q on SHSY‐5Y cells at up to 100 μg/mL showed no adverse effects. Comparison with control groups highlights their noncytotoxic characteristics. Molecular docking confirmed compound binding to target active sites, with stable protein–ligand complexes displaying drug‐like molecules. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed dynamic stability and interactions. Rigorous tests and molecular modeling unveil the effectiveness of the compounds against drug‐resistant microbes, providing hope for new antimicrobial compounds with potential safety.

Publisher

Wiley

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