Affiliation:
1. Department of Chemistry School of Sciences Gujarat University Ahmedabad Gujarat 380009 India
2. Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati 781039 Assam India
3. Centre for Sustainable Polymers Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati 781039 Assam India
4. Centre of Excellence for Research in Sustainable Chemistry Department of Chemistry Federal University of São Carlos 13565-905 São Carlos-SP Brazil
Abstract
AbstractCopper nanoparticles (Cu2O NPs) supported on graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) have been introduced as an effective heterogenous catalyst for the synthesis of 3‐indolmethyl chromones (3 a–q) under visible light conditions via the cyclization of o‐hydroxyaryl enaminones with 3‐indoleacetic acids. The catalyst was thoroughly characterized using various techniques such as FT‐IR, PXRD, XPS, FE‐SEM, EDX, TEM, and HR‐TEM analysis. The optimized reaction conditions enabled the high yield production of a wide range of 3‐indolmethyl chromones in a short timespan at room temperature under visible light and method was successfully applied to the gram‐scale synthesis. Importantly, the catalyst could be reused for up to five cycles without significant decrease in its activity. This approach aligns with eco‐friendly principles, demonstrating favorable green chemistry metrics for compound 3 a, including process mass intensity (7.83), environmental impact factor (6.83), atom economy (67.56 %), reaction mass efficiency (60.76 %), chemical yield (92.37 %), mass intensity (1.64), mass productivity (60.97 %), carbon efficiency (69.15 %) and optimum efficiency (89.93 %).