Protein posttranslational modifications in health and diseases: Functions, regulatory mechanisms, and therapeutic implications

Author:

Zhong Qian1,Xiao Xina1,Qiu Yijie1,Xu Zhiqiang1,Chen Chunyu1,Chong Baochen1,Zhao Xinjun1,Hai Shan1,Li Shuangqing1,An Zhenmei1,Dai Lunzhi1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward General Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy West China Hospital, Sichuan University Chengdu China

Abstract

AbstractProtein posttranslational modifications (PTMs) refer to the breaking or generation of covalent bonds on the backbones or amino acid side chains of proteins and expand the diversity of proteins, which provides the basis for the emergence of organismal complexity. To date, more than 650 types of protein modifications, such as the most well‐known phosphorylation, ubiquitination, glycosylation, methylation, SUMOylation, short‐chain and long‐chain acylation modifications, redox modifications, and irreversible modifications, have been described, and the inventory is still increasing. By changing the protein conformation, localization, activity, stability, charges, and interactions with other biomolecules, PTMs ultimately alter the phenotypes and biological processes of cells. The homeostasis of protein modifications is important to human health. Abnormal PTMs may cause changes in protein properties and loss of protein functions, which are closely related to the occurrence and development of various diseases. In this review, we systematically introduce the characteristics, regulatory mechanisms, and functions of various PTMs in health and diseases. In addition, the therapeutic prospects in various diseases by targeting PTMs and associated regulatory enzymes are also summarized. This work will deepen the understanding of protein modifications in health and diseases and promote the discovery of diagnostic and prognostic markers and drug targets for diseases.

Funder

National Natural Science Foundation of China

West China Hospital, Sichuan University

Publisher

Wiley

Subject

Cell Biology,Biochemistry (medical),Genetics (clinical),Computer Science Applications,Drug Discovery,Genetics,Oncology,Immunology and Allergy

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