The double‐edged sword of the amoxicillin antibiotic against prostate cancer in nano palladium form and its electrochemical detection of dopamine

Abstract

Pd (II) complex was prepared from the interaction with Schiff base based on the condensation amoxicillin trihydrate drug and 4‐N,N‐dimethylaminobenzaldehyde. The complex was prepared on the nanoscale that was investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The chemical structure of the synthesized Schiff base and its Pd (II) chelate was proved through several techniques. Assays using MTT and lactate dehydrogenase verified the Pd (II) complex ability to inhibit human prostate cancer cells (PC3). According to the findings, the inhibition of PC3 cell growth was directly proportional to the dose of Pd (II) complex. Its highest IC50 value was attained after 48 h of incubation reached to 22.6 μg/mL. As a measure of DNA damage in PC3 cells, this IC50 value demonstrated a significant increase in early and late apoptotic cells with an intense comet nucleus. Given that the concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in treated PC3 cells was much higher than in control ones. These results contributed to the notion that ROS‐mediated cell death, which may have taken place via the mitochondrial pathway, was the mechanism by which the Pd (II) complex inhibited the proliferation of PC3 cancer cells. The prepared Pd (II) complex was fabricated and casted onto GC electrode for investigate the dopamine concentration in human serum. The limit of detection and limit of quantization were found to be 0.0127 and 0.0424 μM, respectively, which were in a good agreement with literature and were found to be an improvement to that present in the literature.