An MRI study demonstrating consistent anatomic relation of central longitudinal artery and associated periosteal vessels with the medial femoral epicondyle and adductor tubercle—A visual landmark method for femoral tunnel placement in medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction

Abstract

AbstractThe two most common techniques to determine femoral tunnel placement during medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction are radiographic and by palpation. Their intra/interobserver reliability is widely debated. Both techniques rely on identifying bony landmarks such as the medial epicondyle (ME) and adductor tubercle (AT) during surgery. During MPFL reconstructive surgery, the central longitudinal vessels (CLVs) are seen consistently. The aim of this study was to investigate the anatomic relationship of CLV to ME and AT and to determine if CLV might be used as a landmark during MPFL reconstruction. A retrospective review of MRI scans in skeletally mature patients was undertake. There were two groups, a PFI group that consisted of patients with a diagnosis of patellofemoral instabiliy (PFI) and a non‐PFI group that underwent MRI scan for an alternative diagnosis. MRIs were measured for the CLV‐ME‐AT anatomy and relationship. Following exclusions, 50 patients were identified in each group. The CLV passed anterior to the AT and ME in all patients. ME morphology did not differ greatly between the groups except in the tubercle height, where there was statistically significant but not a clinically important difference (larger in the non‐PFI group, 2.95 vs. 2.52 mm, p = 0.002). The CLV to ME tip distance was consistent between the groups (PFI group 3.8 mm and non‐PFI group 3.9 mm). The CLV‐ME‐AT relationship remained consistent irrespective of patients' presenting pathology. The CLV consistently courses anterior to ME and AT. The CLV could be used as a vascular landmark assisting femoral tunnel placement during MPFL reconstruction.