Developing a Novel Enzalutamide‐Resistant Prostate Cancer Model via AR F877L Mutation in LNCaP Cells

Abstract

AbstractProstate cancer is a leading diagnosis and major cause of cancer‐related deaths in men worldwide. As a typical hormone‐responsive disease, prostate cancer is commonly managed with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) to curb its progression and potential metastasis. Unfortunately, progression to castration‐resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), a notably more aggressive phase of the disease, occurs within a timeframe of 2‐3 years following ADT. Enzalutamide, a recognized androgen receptor (AR) antagonist, has been employed as a standard of care for men with metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) since it was first approved in 2012, due to its ability to prolong survival. However, scientific evidence suggests that sustained treatment with AR antagonists may induce acquired AR mutations or splice variants, such as AR F877L, T878A, and H875Y, leading to drug resistance and thereby diminishing the therapeutic efficacy of these agents. Thus, the establishment of prostate cancer models incorporating these particular mutations is essential for developing new therapeutic strategies to overcome such resistance and evaluate the efficacy of next‐generation AR‐targeting drugs. We have developed a CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)‐based knock‐in technology to introduce an additional F877L mutation in AR into the human prostate cell line LNCaP. This article provides comprehensive descriptions of the methodologies for cellular gene editing and establishment of an in vivo model. Using these methods, we successfully identified an enzalutamide‐resistant phenotype in both in vitro and in vivo models. We also assessed the efficacy of target protein degraders (TPDs), such as ARV‐110 and ARV‐667, in both models, and the corresponding validation data are also included here. © 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.Basic Protocol 1: Generation of AR F877L‐mutated LNCaP cell line using CRISPR technologyBasic Protocol 2: Validation of drug resistance in AR F877L‐mutated LNCaP cell line using the 2D CTG assaySupport Protocol: Testing of sgRNA efficiency in HEK 293 cellsBasic Protocol 3: Validation of drug resistance in AR F877L‐mutated LNCaP cell line in vivo