Shaft structure of the first metatarsal contains a strong phylogenetic signal in apes and humans

Author:

Tomizawa Yuma1ORCID,Nakatsukasa Masato1ORCID,Ponce de León Marcia S.2ORCID,Zollikofer Christoph P. E.2ORCID,Morimoto Naoki1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, Graduate School of Science Kyoto University Kyoto Japan

2. Department of Informatics University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland

Abstract

AbstractObjectivesMetatarsal bones constitute a key functional unit of the foot in primates. While the form‐function relationships of metatarsals have been extensively studied, particularly in relation to the loss of the grasping ability of the foot in humans in contrast to apes, the effect of phyletic history on the metatarsal morphology and its variability remains largely unknown.Materials and MethodsHere, we evaluate how the strength of the phylogenetic signal varies from the first to the fifth metatarsal in humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans, gibbons, and Japanese macaques. We use computed tomography imaging and morphometric mapping to quantify the second moment of area around and along the metatarsal shaft and evaluate the strength of the phylogenetic signal with multivariate K‐statistics.ResultsThe shaft structure of the first metatarsal, but not the others, correlates well with the phylogeny of apes and humans.DiscussionGiven the importance of the first metatarsal for grasping and bipedal/quadrupedal locomotion, the strong phylogenetic but weak functional signal in its structure is unexpected. These findings suggest that the evolutionary diversification of hominoid locomotor behaviors, including human bipedality, is only partly reflected in form‐function relationships of key skeletal elements, and that phylogenetic history acted as a major evolutionary constraint.

Funder

Japan Society for the Promotion of Science

Publisher

Wiley

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