Affiliation:
1. Life Sciences Bionanotechnology Lab. Scientific And Technological Research Council of Türkiye (TUBITAK) Marmara Research Center (MRC) Gebze 41470 Kocaeli/ Türkiye
2. Hamidiye Faculty of Medicine Department of Biophysics University of Health Sciences Üsküdar 34668 İstanbul/ Türkiye
3. Institute of Biotechnology Gebze Technical University Gebze 41400 Kocaeli/ Türkiye
4. Faculty of Pharmacy Biochemistry Department Mersin University Yenişehir 33160 Mersin/ Türkiye
5. Faculty of Engineering Department of Bioengineering Ege University Bornova 35040 İzmir/ Türkiye
6. Faculty of Science Department of Chemistry Ege University Bornova 35040 İzmir/ Türkiye
Abstract
AbstractSaponins are glycosides widely distributed in the plant kingdom and have many pharmacological activities. However, their tendency to bind to cell membranes can cause cell rupture, limiting their clinical use. In the previous study, aristatoside C and davisianoside B were isolated from Cephalaria species. Cytotoxicity assays showed that they are more active on A‐549 cell lines than doxorubicin but caused hemolysis. In the current research, aristatoside C and davisianoside B were loaded to phytosomes called ALPs and DLPs respectively, and characterized for particle size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, release kinetic, hemolytic activity, and cytotoxicity on A‐549 cell line. DLPs maintained the cytotoxic activity of the free saponins against A‐549 cells with IC50 of 9,64±0,02 μg/ml but dramatically reduced their hemolytic activity. Furthermore, temperature and time‐dependent stability studies based on the size and zeta potential of ALPs and DLPs revealed that the phytosomes have sustained release properties over 2 weeks. Overall, DLPs displayed cytotoxicity against A‐549 cells with minimal hemolysis and sustained release, highlighting their potential as nanotherapeutics for clinical applications.