Affiliation:
1. Nassau University Medical Center East Meadow New York USA
2. Center for Dermatology Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Somerset New Jersey USA
3. Cooper Medical School of Rowan University Camden New Jersey USA
4. Rowan‐Virtua School of Osteopathic Medicine Stratford New Jersey USA
5. Skin and Laser Surgery Center of New England Nashua New Hampshire USA
6. Department of Dermatology Weill Cornell Medicine New York New York USA
Abstract
AbstractImmunotherapy has become a mainstay of treatment for many cancers. Multiple immune checkpoint inhibitors have been used to treat malignancies, including anti‐programed death‐1 (PD1) and anti‐cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte‐associated protein (anti‐CTLA4). However, a significant percentage of patients develop resistance to these immunotherapy drugs. Therefore, novel strategies were developed to target other aspects of the immune response. Lymphocyte activation gene‐3 (LAG‐3) is a cell‐surface molecule found on natural killer cells and activated T‐cells which negatively regulates T‐cell proliferation and function. LAG‐3 inhibitors interact with LAG‐3 ligands on the surface of T‐cells to block T‐regulatory (Treg) cell activity, suppress cytokine secretion and restore dysfunctional effector T‐cells which subsequently attack and destroy cancer cells. This review reports the dermatologic side effects associated with LAG‐3 inhibitors used in the treatment of melanomas. Using PRISMA 2022 guidelines, a comprehensive literature review of PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases was conducted. Three studies were identified that demonstrated that the use of LAG‐3 inhibitors, whether as a single agent or in combination with other immune checkpoint inhibitors, resulted in stomatitis, pruritus, rash, dry skin, erythema, and vitiligo. Further research is warranted to assess the cutaneous adverse events observed with LAG‐3 inhibitors in treating melanoma and to identify populations most vulnerable to such side effects.