Smartphone‐Based Noninvasive Glucose Monitoring in Diabetic Patients Utilizing Enhanced Chemiluminescence Imaging Technique

Abstract

The current study aims for a simple, rapid, and smartphone‐based enhanced chemiluminescence (eCL) technique for sensitively detecting glucose in human urine. Herein, 1,3‐propanedithiol cross‐linked gold nanoparticles (GNPs‐PDT) via a simple reduction method is synthesized. Further, it is characterized by UV–vis spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The synthesized GNPs‐PDT is found to possess oxidase mimetic activity and generate superoxide radicals from dissolved oxygen, which causes the oxidation of luminol to give a strong and stable CL signal. On the introduction of glucose into the reaction system, a CL quenching phenomenon is observed owing to the tendency of superoxide radicals to oxidize glucose into gluconic acid. Employing the quenching effect of glucose on the eCL signals, a sensor is designed for glucose detection in human urine samples. Under optimized conditions, the proposed method works in a dynamic range from 0.25 to 2 mM (R 2 = 0.98) with a detection limit of 0.36 mM. In addition, a simple and portable smartphone‐based imaging technique analyzed by Image J software for eCL‐based glucose sensing is proposed. The developed proof of concept provides good correlations of glucose detection in diabetic patients.