Impact of oxytosis on the cross‐talk of mTORC with mitochondrial proteins in drug‐resistant cancer stem cells

Abstract

AbstractBy delivering the environmental inputs to transport nutrients and growth factors, Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) plays a significant role in the growth and metabolism of eukaryotic cells through the regulation of numerous elementary cellular processes such as autophagy, protein synthesis, via translation of mitochondrial protein transcription factor A mitochondrial, mitochondrial ribosomal proteins, and mitochondrial respiratory complexes I &V that are encoded in the nucleus with the help of translation initiation factor 4E–BP. These mitochondrial proteins are involved in cell signaling to regulate proper cell growth, proliferation, and death which are essential for tumor growth and proliferation. This suggests that tumor cells are dependent on mTORC1 for various metabolic pathways. However, this crucial regulator is activated and regulated by calcium homeostasis. Mounting evidence suggests the role of calcium ions in regulating mitochondrial enzymes and proteins. Hence, disrupting calcium homeostasis leads to calcium‐dependent cell death called “Oxytosis” through hampering the expression of various mitochondrial proteins. “Oxytosis” is a novel non‐apoptotic cell death characterized by glutamate cytotoxicity and ferritin degradation. The present review focuses on the crosstalk between mTORC1 and mitochondrial proteins in the cancer pathophysiology and the impact of calcium ions on disrupting mTORC1 leading to the induction of “Oxytosis.”