1. Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies Kyoto University Yoshida Nihonmatsu‐cho, Sakyo‐ku Kyoto Kyoto606–8501Japan
2. Kawatabi Field Science Center Graduate School of Agricultural Science Tohoku University 232‐3 Yomogida, Naruko‐onsen Osaki Miyagi989‐6711Japan
3. Tohoku Research Center Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute 92‐25 Nabeyashiki, Shimo‐kuriyagawa Morioka Iwate020‐0123Japan
4. International Center for Island Studies Amami Station Kagoshima University Naze‐Minatomachi 15‐1 Amami Kagoshima894‐0026Japan