Enhancing Internal and External Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells Through Polystyrene Modification of the Perovskite and Rapid Open‐Air Deposition of ZnO/AlOx Nanolaminate Encapsulation

Author:

Asgarimoghaddam Hatameh12,Khamgaonkar Saikiran Sunil23,Mathur Avi23,Maheshwari Vivek23,Musselman Kevin P.12ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering University of Waterloo 200 University Ave. West Waterloo N2L 3G1 Canada

2. Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology University of Waterloo 200 University Avenue West Waterloo N2L 3G1 Canada

3. Department of Chemistry University of Waterloo 200 University Avenue West Waterloo N2L 3G1 Canada

Abstract

In this study, the internal and external stabilities of a p–i–n methylammonium lead iodide perovskite solar cell (PSC) are improved. Polystyrene (PS) is introduced into the perovskite layer to form a cross‐linked polymer–perovskite network, which enhances the nucleation and growth of the perovskite grains. Moreover, for the first time, 60 nm thick ZnO/AlOx nanolaminate (NL) thin‐film encapsulation (TFE) is deposited directly on the PSC using an atmospheric‐pressure (AP) spatial atomic layer deposition system operated in AP spatial chemical vapor deposition (AP–SCVD) mode. The rapid nature of AP–SCVD enables encapsulation of the PSCs in open air at 130 °C without damaging the perovskite. The PS additive improves the performance and internal stability of the PSCs by reducing ion migration. Both the PS additive and the ZnO/AlOx NL TFEs improve the external stability under standard test conditions (dark, 65 °C, 85% relative humidity [RH]) by preventing water ingress. The number and thickness of the ZnO/AlOx NL layers are optimized, resulting in a water–vapor transmission rate as low as 5.1 × 10−5 g m−2 day−1 at 65 °C and 85% RH. A 14‐fold increase in PSC lifetime is demonstrated; notably, this is achieved using PS, a commodity‐scale polymer, and AP–SCVD, a scalable, open‐air encapsulation method.

Funder

Ministry of Research and Innovation

Canada Foundation for Innovation

University of Waterloo

Publisher

Wiley

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