Reconciling the Cooperative–Competitive Patterns among Tumor and Immune Cells for Triple‐Negative Breast Cancer Treatment Using Multimodule Nanocomplexes

Abstract

AbstractTargeting the competitive–cooperative relationships among tumor cells and various immune cells can efficiently reverse the immune‐dysfunction microenvironment to boost the immunotherapies for the triple‐negative breast cancer treatment. Hence, a bacterial outer membrane vesicle‐based nanocomplex is designed for specifically targeting malignant cells and immune cells to reconcile the relationships based on metabolic‐immune crosstalk. By uniquely utilizing the property of charge‐reversal polymers to realize function separation, the nanocomplexes could synergistically regulate tumor cells and immune cells. This approach could reshape the immunosuppressive competition–cooperation pattern into one that is immune‐responsive, showcasing significant potential for inducing tumor remission in TNBC models.