1. Department of Adult Health Nursing; School of Nursing; Sapporo City University; Sapporo Japan
2. Department of Adult Health Nursing; College of Nursing; Ibaraki Christian University; Hitachi Japan
3. Intensive Care Unit; University of Tsukuba Hospital; Tsukuba Japan
4. Emergency Medicine and Critical Care Medicine; School of Medicine; St. Marianna Medical University; Kawasaki Japan