Abstract
“Hacktivism” encompasses a number of different types of activity including cyberterrorism, spamming, Web site parodies, memes, culture jamming, and e‐mail bombing. Each of the above may include electronic forms of civil disobedience such as virtual sit‐ins, whereby occupation/blockading takes place in the virtual sphere rather than in a particular building or public space. They may also invoke Web site parodies, copying the graphic design of the original but altering the content, hiding the identity of the creators through the use of zombie networks. This entry examines how groups such as the Yes Men, Electronic Disturbance Theatre, and Anonymous all use hacktivism to pursue their goals via contentious politics. It also explores how hacktivism is challenging traditional forms of journalism and civil disobedience, and redefining the act of whistleblowing through groups such as Lulz Security and WikiLeaks.
Reference21 articles.
1. Addley E.andHalliday J.(2010)Operation Payback cripples MasterCard site in revenge for WikiLeaks ban.The Guardian(December 8). Available athttp://www.theguardian.com/media/2010/dec/08/operation‐payback‐mastercard‐website‐wikileaks(accessed March 27 2023).
2. Agence France Presse(2012)Tens of thousands throng to London to protest Iraq war. October17 p.22. Available athttp://rense.com/general58/prorot.htm(accessed March 27 2023).
3. Communicating Global Activism
4. The Yes Men infiltrate diverse networks;Britt D.;Houston Chronicle,2010