Abstract
Abstract
In this entry, current research findings on how specific learning differences (SpLDs) influence the processes and outcomes of second language (L2) development are reviewed. The entry starts with an overview of different conceptualization of disabilities and SpLDs. Then a concise summary of the types of SpLDs and the cognitive causes of SpLDs is given. This is followed by a discussion of the cognitive impact of SpLDs on the learning of additional languages. The entry also highlights the substantial role of anxiety and motivation in the language learning processes of individuals with SpLDs. Next, differences in language learning outcomes of students with SpLDs and their peers with no SpLDs in the areas of L2 reading, writing, listening, and vocabulary knowledge are discussed. The entry concludes with potential directions for future research.